譚德塞的故鄉_衣索比亞簡史
前言
今天偶然在網路上看到中央大學的蔡宗翰老師寫了一篇文章在簡述譚德塞的故鄉_衣索比亞的歷史，並且有中英文兩種版本，同時還歡迎大家轉發，覺得內容滿有趣的，所以在這邊我就將原文稍作排版後直接轉貼，有興趣深入了解的也可以至蔡老師的 Facebook 看看。
大家平常耳聞衣索比亞，多半是因為耶加雪菲咖啡。這次又因為譚德塞而重新注意到這個東非國家。讓蔡老師簡單地敘述一下這個國家的背景，希望能夠對她有更多的了解。這個國家從起源到今也已經有3000年連續歷史。古代曾因中轉羅馬-東方貿易，成為世界前幾富國，而且是非洲少數長期保持獨立的國家。近年由於天災加上種族問題，經濟極不穩定。
Everyone usually hears Ethiopia, mostly because of Yirgacheffe coffee. This time, everyone again noticed this East African country because of Tan Desai. Let Teacher Cai briefly describe the background of this country, hoping to know more about her. This country has a continuous history of 3000 years since its origin. In ancient times, it was a rich country in the world due to its transition position of the Roman-Eastern trade, and it is one of the few countries in Africa that has maintained independence for a long time. In recent years, due to natural disasters and ethnic problems, the economy has been extremely unstable.
起源傳說 (沒有考古證據)
根據舊約聖經列王紀上第10章、古蘭經和阿克蘇姆國的其他歷史資料的記載，西元前10世紀，示巴國(包含東非與葉門)的女王因為仰慕以色列國王所羅門的才華與智慧，前往以色列朝見所羅門。她準備的問題，所羅門對答如流。傳說示巴對所羅門一見傾心，回國後幾個月，女王生下了孟利尼克(Menelik)。孟利尼克少年時，來到耶路撒冷朝見父親所羅門並待下來。孟利尼克二十多歲時，向父親表示想回母親的國家，於是所羅門王把約櫃讓他帶回衣索比亞，讓他按照上帝的方式統治國家。孟利尼克一世被後來衣索比亞所羅門王朝尊奉為始祖。
Origin_legend (no archaeological evidence)
According to 1 Kings 10 in the Old Testament, the Qur’an, and other historical sources of the Aksum kingdom, in the 10th century BC, the Queen of Sheba went to Israel to see Solomon because of the talent and wisdom of the King . All the questions she prepared were answered well by Solomon. According to legend, the Queen fell in love with Solomon at first sight, and a few months after returning home, the Queen gave birth to Menelik. As a teenager, Menelik came to Jerusalem to meet his father Solomon and stayed. In his twenties, Menelik expressed his father his desire to return to his mother ’s country, so King Solomon let him bring the Ark of the Covenant back to Ethiopia and asked him rule the country in God’s way. Menelik I was honored as the ancestor of House of Solomon.
現實 (有文書證據或考古證據。請注意，每個時期並不是那麼清楚切割，都有一些交疊或真空)
Reality (There exists documentary evidence or archaeological evidence. Please note that each period is not so clearly cut, there is some overlap or gap)
德姆王國 前980年-前5世紀
也許可以對應到傳說中孟利尼克一世統治的王國。
Kingdom of Dʿmt (980 BC-5th century BC)
Perhaps it can correspond to the legendary kingdom ruled by Menelnik I.
小王國並立 前5世紀-前80年
其中一個小王國於前80年左右發展為阿克蘇姆王國，統一全境。
Period of coexisting small kingdoms (5th century-80 years ago)
One of the small kingdoms developed into the Aksum Kingdom and unified the whole territory around 80 BC.
阿克蘇姆王國所羅門王朝 前80年-10世紀 (300年起信奉基督教)
聲稱他們是以色列的所羅門王和示巴女王直系後裔，為當時羅馬帝國及東方的中轉貿易大國。
Kingdom of Aksum-House of Solomon (80BC-10th century, believed in Christianity from 300CE)
The royal family claimed that they were direct descendants of King Solomon and Queen Sheba of Israel. The Kingdom of Aksum was a great transit country in the Roman Empire and Eastern trade.
扎格維王朝 1137–1270 (基督教)
阿皋人建立的王朝，非所羅門王室統治。
Zagwe dynasty (1137–1270, Christianity)
The dynasty established by the Agaw people and was not ruled by the house of Solomon.
所羅門王朝 1270–1936 (基督教)
聲稱他們是以色列的所羅門王和示巴女王直系後裔。譚德塞的原名ቴዎድሮስ與19世紀重新統一衣國全境的英雄特沃德羅斯二世(統治期1855–1868)相同。
Solomon Dynasty (1270–1936, Christianity)
The royal family claimed that they were direct descendants of King Solomon and Queen Sheba of Israel. Tan DeSai’s original name ቴዎድሮስ is the same as the hero of the 19th century,Tewodros II (reigning 1855–1868), who reunited the entire territory of the country.
義大利殖民 1936–1941
當時衣索比亞為非洲碩果僅存的基督教獨立王國。義大利獨裁者墨索里尼為了減輕國內經濟壓力， 決定入侵衣國。當時英法為了換取義大利不跟德國結盟，於是默許義大利的侵略。義大利在1935年發動戰爭，並使用毒氣，7個月後攻陷衣國首都。皇帝海爾賽拉西流亡英國。
Italian occupation (1936–1941)
At that time Ethiopia was one of the few Christian independent kingdoms in Africa. The Italian dictator Mussolini decided to invade Ethiopia in order to alleviate domestic economic pressure. At that time, in order to win over Italy, UK and France hoped that Italy would not form an alliance with Germany, so they acquiesced in Italy’s aggression. Italy launched a war in 1935 and used poison gas. It captured the Ethiopian capital seven months later. The emperor Haile Selassie was exiled to UK.
所羅門王朝 1941–1974 (基督教)
1941年，衣索比亞和盟軍共同擊敗了義大利侵略軍，恢復獨立。皇帝返國即位。在英美的幫助下，皇帝實施獨裁，經濟有所成長，社會存在著嚴重的矛盾。
Solomon Dynasty (1941–1974, Christianity)
In 1941, Ethiopia and the Allies defeated the Italian invading army and restored their independence. The emperor returned to the throne. With the help of UK and the United States, the emperor implemented dictatorship, the economy grew, and there were serious class contradictions in society.
德爾格政權 1974–1989
親蘇聯政權，經濟衰退，發生多次飢荒，國家處於內戰。
Derg (1974–1989)
It is a pro-Soviet regime. During the regime’s administration, the economy was in recession, many famines occurred, and the country was in a civil war.
衣索比亞過渡政府 1991–1995
1991年，衣索比亞人民革命民主陣線推翻德爾格政權。1994年，衣索比亞頒布新憲法，明確規定各民族擁有自決權利。1995年8月，改國名為「衣索比亞聯邦民主共和國」。
Ethiopian Transitional Government (1991–1995)
In 1991, the Ethiopian People ’s Revolutionary Democratic Front overthrew Derg. In 1994, Ethiopia promulgated a new constitution that clearly stipulated that all ethnic groups have the right to self-determination. In August 1995, the name of the country was changed to “Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia”.
衣索比亞聯邦民主共和國 1995-今
受益於政情基本穩定以及咖啡、油菜籽等經濟作物出口成長，衣索比亞進入了一段發展期，國內生產總值大幅增長，世界銀行統計衣國在2004年至2014年期間以每年平均10.9％的速度快速增加。2014–16年，聖嬰現象帶來的不規則降雨使衣索比亞高原陷入先旱後澇的情況，農牧業受到普遍影響，農民的不滿使衣國抗議及衝突頻傳，並使以往在衣索比亞不明顯的種族問題浮上檯面。2016年衝突加劇，在北部，衣國多數民族對僅約總人口6%提格利尼亞人長期執政產生埋怨，爆發了大規模抗議並遭到武力鎮壓；在南部，奧羅莫人與索馬利亞人和蓋德奧地區原住民之間長期的土地糾紛演化為暴力行動，三地區都出現大量逃亡的難民。近年經濟狀況不穩。
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1995-now)
Thanks to the stable political situation and the export growth of coffee, rapeseed and other economic crops, Ethiopia has entered a period of development, with a substantial increase in GDP. According to the world bank, the GDP of Ethiopia increased rapidly at an average annual rate of 10.9% from 2004 to 2014. In 2014–16, the irregular rainfall brought by El Niño made the Ethiopian plateau fall into the situation of drought first and then flood, and the agriculture and animal husbandry were generally affected. The dissatisfaction of the farmers made the protests and conflicts in the country frequent, and made the ethnic problems that were not obvious in Ethiopia in the past come to the surface. In 2016, the conflict intensified. In the north, the two major ethnic groups of the country complained about the long-term governance of only about 6% of the total population of Tigrayans, and large-scale protests broke out and were suppressed by force. In the south, the long-term land disputes between Oromo people and the indigenous people of Somalia and the Gedeo zone evolved into violent actions, and a large number of refugees fled from the three regions. The economic situation has been unstable in recent years.
